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<H1> Clonezilla-SysRescCD<br>Some theory on disks<br>08/02/2009 - v 3.1.0</H1> |
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<!--site-only--><table border="0" width="95%" style="margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;"><tr><td><font size="-1">Copyright: © 2007-2009, <a href="mailto:sng@hellug.gr?subject=About Clonezilla-SysRescCD v 3.1.0">Spiros Georgaras <sng@hellug.gr></a></font></td><td align="right"><font size="-1"><a href="onepage.php" target="_blank" title="View the whole site in one big page">Single page</a></font></td></tr><tr><td><font size="-1">Last update: 23/12/2009</font></td><td align="right"><font size="-1"><a href="printable.php" target="_blank" title="View a printable version of this page">Printable version</a></font></td></tr><tr><td><font size="-1"></font></td><td align="right"><font size="-1"></font></td></tr><tr><td><font size="-1"> </font></td><td align="right"><font size="-1"></font></td></tr><tr><td><!-- <font size="-1">Select language: <img src="en.png" border="0" width="21" height="14" alt="English"> <a href=""><img src="el.png" border="0" width="21" height="14" alt="Greek"></a></font> --></td><td align="right"><font size="-1"><a href="http://clonezilla-sysresccd.hellug.gr/clonezilla-sysresccd.rss" title="RSS news feed"><img src="rss-orange-11.png" border="0" width="30" height="14" alt="RSS news feed"></a></font></td></tr><tr><td><font size="-1"> </font></td><td align="right"><font size="-1"></font></td></tr></table><table border="0" width="100%" class="nav"><tr> <td width="33%"><a href="annex-a-devices.html">Previous</a></td> <td width="34%" align="center"><a href="index.html">Contents</a></td> <td width="33%" align="right"><a href="flash-backup.html">Next</a></td> </tr></table><hr style="margin: 0;"><!--end-site-only--> |
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<H2 style="margin-top: 1em;"><a name="annex-b-intro"></a>Intro <span class="hideprint">[<a href="#annex-b-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</span></H2> |
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<p>When working with with disks/partitions and system backup, restoration and rescue, it is vital to have a very good understanding of the basic concepts of booting, partitioning etc.</p> |
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<p>This page is by no means a guide to these concepts. It just pin-points some of them, so the user can look them up in more thorough sources.</p> |
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<H2><a name="annex-b-filesystem"></a>What is a file system? <span class="hideprint">[<a href="#annex-b-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</span></H2> |
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<p>A file system is the way in which files are named and where they are placed logically for storage and retrieval. The DOS, Windows, OS/2, Macintosh, and UNIX-based operating systems all have file systems in which files are placed somewhere in a hierarchical (tree) structure. A file is placed in a directory (folder in Windows) or subdirectory at the desired place in the tree structure.</p> |
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<p>File systems specify conventions for naming files. These conventions include the maximum number of characters in a name, which characters can be used, and, in some systems, how long the file name suffix can be. A file system also includes a format for specifying the path to a file through the structure of directories.</p> |
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<p>Each operating system provides special tools to initialize/format the file system types it supports. Examples of such tools are <b>format</b> in DOS/Windows, <b>mkdosfs</b> and <b>mkfs</b> in Linux, etc.</p> |
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<H2><a name="annex-b-partition"></a>What is a partition? <span class="hideprint">[<a href="#annex-b-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</span></H2> |
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<p>A partition is a logical division of a hard disk created so that you can have different operating systems on the same hard disk or to create the appearance of having separate hard drives for file management, multiple users, or other purposes.</p> |
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<p>In Windows, a one-partition hard disk is labelled the "C:" drive ("A:" and "B:" are typically reserved for diskette drives). A two-partition hard drive would typically contain "C:" and "D:" drives. (CD-ROM drives typically are assigned the last letter in whatever sequence of letters have been used as a result of hard disk formatting, or typically with a two-partition, the "E:" drive.).</p> |
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<p>In UNIX-based systems, a partition is used to host the / (root) file system, and optionally the /opt, /usr and /home file systems. There may also be a swap partition, which doesn't host any file system.</p> |
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<p>Each operatin system provides some kind of tool to create and manage partitions. Examples of such tools are <b>fdisk</b> in DOS/Windows, <b>fdisk</b>, <b>sfdisk</b> and <b>parted</b> in Linux, etc.</p> |
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<H2><a name="annex-b-mbr"></a>What is the MBR? <span class="hideprint">[<a href="#annex-b-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</span></H2> |
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<p>When you boot an operating system into your computer, a critical part of the process is to give control to the first sector on your hard disk, which is called the Master Boot Record (MBR).</p> |
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<p>The Master Boot Record is also sometimes called the "partition sector" or the "master partition table" because it includes a partition table that defines how many partitions the hard disk has, the size of each, and the address where each partition begins.</p> |
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<H2><a name="annex-b-boot-loader"></a>What is the Boot Loader? <span class="hideprint">[<a href="#annex-b-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</span></H2> |
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<p>A boot loader, also called a boot manager, is a small program which usually resides in the MBR of the first disk (i.e. primary master ATA disk) of the system, that places the operating system (OS) of a computer into memory.</p> |
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<p>Microsoft Windows or the Mac OS provide their own Boot Loaders, beeing able to load only the operating system in question. Linux, on the other hand, provides two alternatives: <a href="http://lilo.go.dyndns.org/" target="_blank">LILO</a> and <a href="http://www.gnu.org/software/grub/" target="_blank">GRUB</a>, which have Multiboot capabilities.</p> |
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<H2><a name="annex-b-manage"></a>Managing partitions <span class="hideprint">[<a href="#annex-b-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</span></H2> |
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<p>All the programs presented previously are able to create and delete partitions on any disk, with <b>qparted</b> at the top of the list, as it is a graphic tool.</p> |
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<p>Changing the ID (type) of a partition is easy using <b>qparted</b>, but it is as easy with <b>sfdisk</b>. In order to change a FAT32 partition to HPFS/NTFS (NTFS), the following command is enough:<br> |
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<b>sfdisk --change-id /dev/hda1 c 7</b><br> |
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where<br> |
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c: existing partition ID<br> |
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7: new partition ID</p> |
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<p>Of course the partition will be usable only after it is <b>formated</b> with NTFS format, or after restoring a NTFS partition to it, using <b>Clonezilla Live</b>.</p> |
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<p>Finally, enlarging a partition is a two step process:</p> |
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<ul> |
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<li>Resizing the partition itself</li> |
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<li>Resizing the file system contained within</li> |
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</ul> |
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<p>Fortunatelly, <b>Clonezilla Live</b> takes care of both these steps for us, when instructed to do so (using the parameter <b>-r</b>).</p> |
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<H3><a name="annex-b-list"></a>Partition list <span class="hideprint">[<a href="#annex-b-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</span></H3> |
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<p>The following table presents known partition types along with their IDs:</p> |
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<p class="newcode" style="margin-right: 0;"> 0 Empty 80 Old Minix<br> |
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1 FAT12 81 Minix / old Linux<br> |
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2 XENIX root <font color="Red">82 Linux swap / Solaris</font><br> |
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3 XENIX usr <font color="Green">83 Linux</font><br> |
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4 FAT16 <32M 84 OS/2 hidden C: drive<br> |
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5 Extended 85 Linux extended<br> |
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<font color="Red">6 FAT16</font> 86 NTFS volume set<br> |
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<font color="Green">7 HPFS/NTFS</font> 87 NTFS volume set<br> |
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8 AIX 88 Linux plaintext<br> |
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9 AIX bootable 8e Linux LVM<br> |
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a OS/2 Boot Manager 93 Amoeba<br> |
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b W95 FAT32 94 Amoeba BBT<br> |
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<font color="Red">c W95 FAT32 (LBA)</font> 9f BSD/OS<br> |
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e W95 FAT16 (LBA) a0 IBM Thinkpad hibernation<br> |
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<font color="Green">f W95 Ext'd (LBA)</font> a5 FreeBSD<br> |
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10 OPUS a6 OpenBSD<br> |
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11 Hidden FAT12 a7 NeXTSTEP<br> |
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12 Compaq diagnostics a8 Darwin UFS<br> |
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14 Hidden FAT16 <32M a9 NetBSD<br> |
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16 Hidden FAT16 ab Darwin boot<br> |
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17 Hidden HPFS/NTFS b7 BSDI fs<br> |
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18 AST SmartSleep b8 BSDI swap<br> |
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1b Hidden W95 FAT32 bb Boot Wizard hidden<br> |
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1c Hidden W95 FAT32 (LBA) be Solaris boot<br> |
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1e Hidden W95 FAT16 (LBA) bf Solaris<br> |
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24 NEC DOS c1 DRDOS/sec (FAT-12)<br> |
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39 Plan 9 c4 DRDOS/sec (FAT-16 < 32M)<br> |
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3c PartitionMagic recovery c6 DRDOS/sec (FAT-16)<br> |
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40 Venix 80286 c7 Syrinx<br> |
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41 PPC PReP Boot da Non-FS data<br> |
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42 SFS db CP/M / CTOS / ...<br> |
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4d QNX4.x de Dell Utility<br> |
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4e QNX4.x 2nd part df BootIt<br> |
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4f QNX4.x 3rd part e1 DOS access<br> |
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50 OnTrack DM e3 DOS R/O<br> |
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51 OnTrack DM6 Aux1 e4 SpeedStor<br> |
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52 CP/M eb BeOS fs<br> |
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53 OnTrack DM6 Aux3 ee EFI GPT<br> |
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54 OnTrackDM6 ef EFI (FAT-12/16/32)<br> |
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55 EZ-Drive f0 Linux/PA-RISC boot<br> |
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56 Golden Bow f1 SpeedStor<br> |
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5c Priam Edisk f4 SpeedStor<br> |
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61 SpeedStor f2 DOS secondary<br> |
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63 GNU HURD or SysV fd Linux raid autodetect<br> |
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64 Novell Netware 286 fe LANstep<br> |
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65 Novell Netware 386 ff BBT<br> |
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70 DiskSecure Multi-Boot<br> |
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75 PC/IX</p> |
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<p>The partitions you are most likely to see in use, are:</p> |
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<ul> |
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<li><b><font color="Red">FAT16 (ID = 6) </font></b><br> |
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This is the old DOS partition type<br> |
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You may still find it in pure DOS installations, like vendor diagnostics tool partitions, and small USB sticks (128 - 250 MB)</li> |
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<li><b><font color="Green">HPFS/NTFS (ID = 7)</font></b><br> |
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This is the <b>Windows XP</b> partition, also known as <b>NTFS</b></li> |
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<li><b><font color="Red">W95 FAT32 (LBA) (ID = c)</font></b><br> |
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This is the <b>Windows 95 - 98</b> partition<br> |
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It is used in any kind of disk and large USB devices (1 GB and more)</li> |
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<li><b><font color="Green">W95 Ext'd (LBA) (ID = f)</font></b><br> |
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Extended partition. It acts as a container for other partitions<br> |
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There is one more extended partition type (ID = 5), but it does not seem to be in use as much</li> |
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<li><b><font color="Red">Linux swap / Solaris (ID = 82)</font></b><br> |
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Swap partition, acting as <b>Virtual Memory</b><br> |
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Modern computers with 1 - 2 GB of memory may not use it at all</li> |
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<li><b><font color="Green">Linux (ID = 83)</font></b><br> |
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Linux partitions, like <b>ext2</b>, <b>ext3</b> and <b>reiserfs</b></li> |
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</ul> |
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